Many research and productionapplications require low-level voltage measurements to characterize materialsand devices. When signal voltages approach the microvolt ...

Common traits of digital multimeters (DMMs). Classifying DMMs by their amount of digits. What role do digitizers play in making voltage measurements? Measuring voltage may be the most basic ...

A voltage divider is a passive linear circuit used to create a voltage less than or equal to the input voltage. It is a conversion device composed of a high-voltage arm and a low-voltage arm. The ...

Semiconductor junctions — from the millions of transistors used in ICs to the large-area compound junctions that make high-brightness LEDs possible — can all suffer early failure due to increased heat ...

Proper calibration of test instruments is crucial for meeting the stringent performance requirements of many equipment types. Calibration results must frequently meet national and international ...