Fuzzy statistics and random variables represent a progressive fusion of traditional probability theory with the principles of fuzzy logic, enabling the treatment of imprecision and vagueness inherent ...

The reports aim to provide a clear understanding of key concepts in probability and statistics, making them accessible to learners at all levels. Each report breaks down complex topics into digestible ...

In the early development of probability theory, only discrete random variables (although not called random variables at the time) were considered. Isaac Newton (1643-1727) considered the idea of ...

\item We use a capital letter, like $X$, to denote a random variable \item The values of a random variable are denoted with a lowercase letter, in this case $x$ \item ...

Abstract: In this chapter, we introduce the concept of a random variable and develop the procedures for characterizing random variables, including the cumulative distribution function, as well as the ...