The microcontroller’s CPU reads program code from memory, one instruction at a time, decodes each instruction, and then executes it. All memory content—both program code and data—is in binary form: ...

Programming began as a way to give simple instructions to machines that barely worked. Over decades, it evolved through punch ...

Programmable devices have long fascinated humans, even before the advent of computers. As long as two centuries ago we had music boxes, tiny mechanisms that produced music encoded as pins on a ...